雅思核心语法 · IELTS Core Grammar
雅思写作与阅读的地基：掌握这套核心语法，写作不犯低级错误，阅读长难句不再发怵。每章均附写作练习与阅读练习，答案见文末。
目录
- 时态体系（Tenses）
- 被动语态（Passive Voice）
- 名词性从句（Noun Clauses）
- 定语从句（Relative Clauses）
- 状语从句（Adverbial Clauses）
- 非谓语动词（Non-finite Verbs）
- 情态动词（Modal Verbs）
- 比较结构（Comparison）
第 1 章 时态体系 Tenses
核心要点
| 时态 | 用法 | 雅思场景 |
|---|---|---|
| 一般现在时 | 事实、习惯、普遍真理 | Task 2 论述主体；Task 1 描述静态数据 |
| 一般过去时 | 过去某时发生 | Task 1 过去时间点数据 |
| 现在完成时 | 从过去持续至今、对现在有影响 | "has increased since 2000" |
| 过去完成时 | 过去的过去 | Task 1 回顾早期数据 |
| 现在完成进行时 | 一直持续的动作 | 强调持续性 |
| 一般将来时 | 预测、计划 | "will continue to rise" |
雅思例句
- 一般现在时：The majority of students believe that technology improves learning efficiency.
- 一般过去时：In 1990, the number of cars stood at roughly 2 million.
- 现在完成时：The proportion of elderly people has risen steadily since 1980.
- 过去完成时：By 2005, the figure had already doubled compared with a decade earlier.
- 将来时：Unless measures are taken, urban congestion will worsen significantly.
写作练习
- 用现在完成时改写：In 2010, car ownership increased. Since then it continued increasing.（提示：加入 since 时间状语）
- 用一般现在时写一个 Task 2 观点句（话题：远程办公）。
- 用一般过去时 + 现在完成时各写一句 Task 1 数据描述（数据自拟）。
阅读练习
阅读下面长句，圈出所有谓语动词并判断时态：
Although the government had invested heavily in public transport, the number of private vehicles has continued to grow, and experts predict that this trend will not reverse in the near future.
第 2 章 被动语态 Passive Voice
核心要点
- 结构：be + 过去分词，be 随时态变化。
- 用途：强调动作承受者；不知道/不需要说明执行者；学术写作客观化。
- 常见学术被动：it is argued / believed / estimated / reported that…
- 注意：只有及物动词才能被动；避免被动滥用导致句子冗长。
雅思例句
- A nationwide survey was conducted last year to measure public satisfaction.
- It is widely believed that education is the key to reducing inequality.
- The number of hours spent online is expected to increase by 20%.
- Carbon emissions were reduced by 15% after the new policy was introduced.
写作练习
- 把下列句子改成被动（强调划线动作对象）：
- People generate a huge amount of plastic waste every year.（强调 waste）
- The government has introduced stricter regulations on air pollution.
- 用 "It is + 过去分词 + that…" 写两个学术化观点句。
阅读练习
找出下列句子中的被动结构并说出时态：
The study was carried out over a period of three years, and its findings have been widely cited by policymakers, although some results are still being debated.
第 3 章 名词性从句 Noun Clauses
核心要点
名词性从句在句中充当名词角色，分四类：
- 宾语从句：I believe that education matters most.（that 常可省略）
- 表语从句：The main problem is that young people lack job experience.
- 主语从句：That pollution harms health is widely accepted.（正式语体；口语常用 it 形式主语）
- 同位语从句：the idea that AI will replace humans has sparked debate.
雅思例句
- Many experts argue that remote work improves work-life balance.
- The key reason is whether the government can enforce these laws effectively.
- There is a growing belief that renewable energy will dominate the future.
- Whether students should wear uniforms remains controversial.
写作练习
- 用表语从句完成：The most serious consequence of urbanization is …
- 用同位语从句写：许多人持有"科技使人更疏远"的观点。
- 用宾语从句改写简单句：People think this. → 扩展成完整宾语从句。
阅读练习
分析下列句子的从句类型（主语/宾语/表语/同位语）：
The fact that the climate is changing rapidly is no longer disputed; what scientists still debate is how quickly we must act.
第 4 章 定语从句 Relative Clauses
核心要点
- 关系代词：who（人）、which（物）、that（人/物）、whom（宾格）、whose（所属）。
- 关系副词：where（地点）、when（时间）、why（原因）。
- 限制性（无逗号）：限定对象，去掉后句意改变。
- 非限制性（有逗号）：补充说明，不能用 that。
- 介词 + which/whom：in which, for which, by whom 等。
雅思例句
- People who live in cities often enjoy better access to healthcare.
- The number of cars which are sold each year has doubled.
- This is a problem for which there is no simple solution.
- Students, whose parents work abroad, may face emotional challenges.
- The period when the economy grew fastest was the late 1990s.
写作练习
- 合并两个句子为一个定语从句句：
- Many teenagers use social media. Social media can be addictive.
- 用"介词 + which"改写：This is an issue. People have different views on it.
- 用 whose 写一句关于"父母/老师/城市"的句子。
阅读练习
找出句中所有定语从句并判断限制性还是非限制性：
The government has launched a programme, which aims to help rural students, many of whom have never had access to the internet, to complete their studies online.
第 5 章 状语从句 Adverbial Clauses
核心要点
| 类型 | 连接词 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | when, while, as, before, after, until, since | When the policy was introduced… |
| 条件 | if, unless, provided that, as long as | Unless action is taken… |
| 原因 | because, since, as | Since demand is rising… |
| 结果 | so…that, such…that | The demand is so high that… |
| 让步 | although, though, even though, whereas, while | Although costs have fallen… |
| 目的 | so that, in order that | …so that students can benefit |
| 方式 | as, as if | …as the data suggests |
雅思例句
- Unless governments intervene, the digital divide will widen.
- Although renewable energy is expensive initially, it pays off in the long run.
- The price of housing has risen so sharply that many young people cannot afford it.
- While some prefer traditional classrooms, others embrace online learning.
- Provided that regulations are enforced, the plan can succeed.
写作练习
- 用 although 写一个让步句（话题：网购）。
- 用 so…that 写一个结果句（话题：城市化）。
- 用 unless / provided that 各写一个条件句（话题：环境保护）。
阅读练习
圈出下列句子中的状语从句连接词并说明从句类型：
Because the cost of living has risen so dramatically, many graduates choose to work abroad, although the government has tried to create more local opportunities so that they might stay.
第 6 章 非谓语动词 Non-finite Verbs
核心要点
- 不定式 to do：表目的、将来；It is important to…；too…to；enough to。
- 动名词 doing：作主语、宾语（enjoy, avoid, suggest, consider, mind）；介词后。
- 现在分词 doing：主动、进行；作定语（the rising number）和状语。
- 过去分词 done：被动、完成；作定语（the reduced cost）和状语。
- 易混：used to do（过去常常）vs be used to doing（习惯）。
雅思例句
- Learning a second language improves cognitive flexibility.（动名词作主语）
- It is essential to protect the environment for future generations.
- The increasing number of vehicles has caused severe congestion.
- Compared with 2000, the figure has doubled.（过去分词作状语）
- Many young people are used to communicating online.
写作练习
- 用动名词作主语改写：People who recycle can reduce waste. → … helps reduce waste.
- 用现在分词/过去分词短语合并句子：The number is rising. It worries many residents. → The rising number…
- 区分并各写一句：used to do / be used to doing。
阅读练习
找出下列句子中的所有非谓语动词并说明形式：
Facing rising costs, many families have cut back on travel, hoping to save enough money to buy their own homes, encouraged by new government subsidies.
第 7 章 情态动词 Modal Verbs
核心要点
- 能力：can, could, be able to
- 义务：must, have to, should, ought to
- 推测：must（肯定推测）、might/may/could（可能）、can't（否定推测）
- 建议：should, ought to, had better
- 委婉：could, would, might（提建议、请求更礼貌）
雅思例句
- The government should invest more in public infrastructure.
- Rising temperatures could lead to more extreme weather events.
- It may take decades for the policy to show visible results.
- Students must balance academic work and leisure time.
- The benefits of this approach cannot be ignored.
写作练习
- 用 should / must 各写一条政策建议（话题：交通拥堵）。
- 用 could / may 写两句关于未来趋势的推测（话题：AI 与就业）。
- 用 can't 写一个否定推测句。
阅读练习
判断下列句子中情态动词表达的是"推测、义务、能力"中的哪一种：
The rapid growth of online shopping may continue, but companies must adapt their strategies if they want to survive, and only those that can innovate will thrive.
第 8 章 比较结构 Comparison
核心要点
- 同级：as…as / not as…as
- 比较级：-er / more…than
- 最高级：the -est / the most…
- 递进：the + 比较级，the + 比较级（The more…, the more…）
- 倍数：twice / three times as…as
- 易错：比较对象要一致（避免拿人与物比）；than 后代词用主格更正式
雅思例句
- The number of women in the workforce is as high as that of men in some sectors.
- Online courses are often cheaper than traditional ones.
- The more people rely on cars, the worse air pollution becomes.
- This city produces twice as much waste as it did in 2000.
- The most significant change was the sharp rise in internet usage.
写作练习
- 用 the more…, the more… 写一句关于科技与生活的关系。
- 用倍数表达写一句 Task 1 数据对比（数据自拟）。
- 用比较级写一句观点句（话题：城市 vs 乡村生活），注意比较对象一致。
阅读练习
找出下列句子中的所有比较结构：
Although the new model is three times as expensive as the old one, it is far more energy-efficient, and the more it is used, the greater the long-term savings become.
答案 Answers
第 1 章
写作：1. Car ownership has continued to increase since 2010. 2.（示例）Working remotely enables employees to manage their time more flexibly. 3.（示例）In 2010, the figure reached its peak. / Since 2015, the number of users has grown steadily. 阅读：谓语及时态：had invested（过去完成）、has continued（现在完成）、predict（一般现在）、will not reverse（一般将来）。
第 2 章
写作：1. A huge amount of plastic waste is generated every year. / Stricter regulations on air pollution have been introduced by the government. 2.（示例）It is widely believed that education is the foundation of social mobility. / It is estimated that urban populations will grow by 30% in the next decade. 阅读：was carried out（一般过去被动）、have been cited（现在完成被动）、are still being debated（现在进行被动）。
第 3 章
写作：1.（示例）The most serious consequence of urbanization is that rural communities are shrinking. 2.（示例）There is a widespread view that technology makes people more isolated. 3.（示例）Many people think that this policy will bring more benefits than drawbacks. 阅读：The fact that…（同位语从句）；what scientists still debate（主语从句）；how quickly we must act（表语从句）。
第 4 章
写作：1. Many teenagers use social media, which can be addictive. 2. This is an issue on which people hold different views. 3.（示例）Teachers, whose workload is heavy, deserve more support. 阅读：which aims to help rural students（非限制性）；many of whom have never had access to the internet（非限制性）。
第 5 章
写作：1.（示例）Although online shopping is convenient, it poses challenges for traditional retailers. 2.（示例）Cities have grown so fast that housing supply cannot keep up. 3.（示例）Unless waste is sorted properly, recycling will fail. / Provided that fines are enforced, littering will decline. 阅读：Because…（原因）；so dramatically that…（结果）；although…（让步）；so that…（目的）。
第 6 章
写作：1. Recycling helps reduce waste. 2. The rising number of vehicles worries many residents. 3.（示例）I used to ride a bike to school. / I am used to taking public transport now. 阅读：Facing（现在分词作状语）、hoping（现在分词作伴随状语）、to save（不定式表目的）、to buy（不定式表目的）、encouraged（过去分词作状语）。
第 7 章
写作：1.（示例）The government should expand the metro network. / Drivers must pay for parking in central areas. 2.（示例）AI could eliminate some jobs, but it may also create new ones. 3.（示例）The situation cannot improve without proper funding. 阅读：may continue（推测）、must adapt（义务）、can innovate（能力）。
第 8 章
写作：1.（示例）The more technology advances, the more dependent on it we become. 2.（示例）The city now generates twice as much waste as it did in 2000. 3.（示例）City life offers more career opportunities than rural life does. 阅读：three times as expensive as（倍数同级比较）、far more energy-efficient（比较级）、the more it is used, the greater…（递进比较）、the long-term savings（无比较，注意 only 名词短语）。
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