雅思高级语法 · IELTS Advanced Grammar

写作提分的关键：掌握这些高级结构，句子从"正确"进阶到"出彩"。每章附写作练习与阅读练习，答案见文末。

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目录

1. what 引导的主语从句（What-clauses as Subject）
2. 强调句（Cleft Sentences）
3. 倒装结构（Inversion）
4. 独立主格与 with 复合结构（Absolute Constructions & with + Object + Complement）
5. 同位语与名词化（Apposition & Nominalisation）
6. 复杂嵌套与长难句拆解（Embedded Clauses & Long-sentence Parsing）
7. 虚拟语气高级用法（Advanced Subjunctive）
8. 分词结构与悬垂规避（Participial Clauses & Dangling Participles）

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第 1 章 what 引导的主语从句 What-clauses as Subject

核心要点

• what + 从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
• 功能：把"抽象事物/观点"放在句首，突出话题，是雅思写作的高分句型。
• 常见框架：
  • What matters (most) is that… 最重要的是……
  • What makes … (possible) is … 使……成为可能的是……
  • What we need / should do is (to) … 我们需要做的是……
  • What has changed is … 发生变化的是……
• 变体：what 也可作宾语从句（What I believe is…）。

雅思例句

• What matters most is not whether we succeed immediately, but whether we keep improving.
• What has made online education popular is its flexibility and low cost.
• What the government should do is invest in affordable housing.
• What worries many parents is the amount of time children spend on screens.

写作练习

1. 用 What matters most is that… 写一个 Task 2 观点句（话题：成功的要素）。
2. 用 What … is … 改写：People need more green space in cities.（强调"需求"）
3. 用 what 从句作主语写一句关于"科技与教育"的句子，注意谓语单数。

阅读练习

找出句中的 what 从句并说出它作什么成分：

What many people fail to realise is that the problem is not caused by technology itself, but by the way it is used.

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第 2 章 强调句 Cleft Sentences

核心要点

• 基本结构：It is / was + 被强调成分 + that / who + 其余部分。
• 可强调：主语、宾语、状语（时间、地点、原因、方式）。
• 强调"直到……才"：It is not until… that…。
• 拟裂句（Pseudo-cleft）：What + 从句 + is / was + 表语。
• 注意：强调人用 who/that；强调其他用 that；不能强调谓语动词。

雅思例句

• It is the lack of public transport that causes most congestion in cities.
• It was in the 1990s that internet usage began to grow rapidly.
• It is not until people face health problems that they start to value prevention.
• What the report reveals is a widening gap between rich and poor.
• It is governments, not individuals, that should take the lead in fighting climate change.

写作练习

1. 用 It is … that … 强调"原因"（话题：城市房价上涨）。
2. 用 It is not until … that … 写一句关于"健康意识"的句子。
3. 用 What … is …（拟裂句）改写：The policy mainly benefits the middle class.

阅读练习

指出下列句子中被强调的成分：

It was the rapid development of e-commerce, rather than changes in consumer behaviour, that transformed the retail industry.

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第 3 章 倒装结构 Inversion

核心要点

• 否定词/半否定词开头：Never, Rarely, Seldom, Hardly, Scarcely, Little → 部分倒装。
• Hardly…when / No sooner…than：一……就……。
• Only + 状语：Only then / Only when / Only by… → 部分倒装。
• Not only…but also 开头 → 前句倒装：Not only does it…, but it also…。
• So…that / Such…that 强调程度时可倒装。
• 虚拟条件句倒装：Had / Were / Should 置于句首（见第 7 章）。
• 部分倒装 = 助动词/情态动词/be 提前，实义动词留在原位。

雅思例句

• Not only does online learning save time, but it also reduces costs.
• Only when regulations are strictly enforced can the plan succeed.
• Never before has the demand for energy been so high.
• Hardly had the policy been introduced when prices began to fall.
• Only by investing in education can a country achieve long-term prosperity.

写作练习

1. 用 Not only does…, but it also… 写一句关于"公共交通"的优点。
2. 用 Only when…can… 写一句关于"环境治理"的句子。
3. 用 Never before has… 写一句关于"技术进步"的句子。

阅读练习

指出下列句子的倒装类型并还原为正常语序：

Not only has the number of tourists increased sharply, but local businesses have also benefited, and only through careful planning can the region avoid overcrowding.

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第 4 章 独立主格与 with 复合结构 Absolute Constructions & with + O + C

核心要点

• 独立主格：名词/代词 + 分词 / 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语，作状语，表示伴随、原因、条件、时间。与主句主语不同。
  • The project finished, the team celebrated.（= After the project was finished…）
  • Costs rising, many companies cut staff.（= As costs rise…）
• with 复合结构：with + 宾语 + 分词 / 形容词 / 介词短语 / 副词。
  • With technology advancing rapidly, new jobs are created every year.
• 雅思应用：Task 1 描述数据/图表、Task 2 补充例证细节；让句子紧凑、正式。

雅思例句

• With the population growing steadily, the demand for housing has soared.
• With more women entering the workforce, childcare services are in high demand.
• With the economy recovering, consumer confidence is returning.
• All things considered, the benefits of urbanisation outweigh the drawbacks.
• The experiment completed, researchers began to analyse the data.

写作练习

1. 用 with + 宾语 + 现在分词 写一句（话题：远程办公兴起）。
2. 用 with + 宾语 + 过去分词 写一句（话题：政策实施）。
3. 用独立主格改写：As the costs rise, the government has to adjust its budget.

阅读练习

分析句中 with 复合结构与独立主格：

With energy prices rising sharply, manufacturers have had to raise prices, the situation made worse by supply shortages.

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第 5 章 同位语与名词化 Apposition & Nominalisation

核心要点

• 同位语：名词短语紧随名词后，解释或补充其内容。
  • 常见引导：the fact / idea / belief / view that…；a policy aimed at…；a problem facing…
• 名词化：动词/形容词 → 名词，使表达客观、正式、简洁。
  • improve → improvement；reduce → reduction；depend → dependence
  • 学术写作中"名词化 + of"结构高频：the reduction of carbon emissions
• 雅思应用：Task 2 论说文书面语感的重要来源；避免口语化动词堆砌。

雅思例句

• The idea that technology isolates people is only partly true.
• The government's decision to raise taxes on sugary drinks has been welcomed.
• The reduction of car emissions requires a combination of policy and technology.
• There is a growing belief that lifelong learning is essential in a changing job market.
• The expansion of megacities has led to a shortage of affordable housing.

写作练习

1. 把动词/形容词名词化改写：The government must improve the public transport system. → The improvement of…
2. 用同位语结构写：越来越多的人持"人工智能会带来更多就业机会"的观点。
3. 用名词化改写：If we reduce pollution, public health will improve.

阅读练习

找出下列句中的同位语与名词化表达：

The proposal that universities should lower tuition fees, combined with the expansion of scholarship programmes, has gained widespread support.

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第 6 章 复杂嵌套与长难句拆解 Embedded Clauses & Long-sentence Parsing

核心要点

• 雅思阅读长难句 = 主干 + 多层修饰（从句套从句、非谓语、插入语）。
• 拆解三步法：
  1. 找主干（主谓宾）；
  2. 识别从句连接词，圈出从句边界；
  3. 去掉修饰，先读核心意思。
• 写作应用：适度嵌套展示语法能力，但一段最多 1–2 个长句，过长会伤害清晰度。

雅思例句（拆解示范）

The evidence, which was collected over a decade, suggests that the measures, although well-intentioned, have failed to achieve the goals that the authorities set out.

• 主干：The evidence … suggests that…
• 从句 1：which was collected over a decade（非限制性定语从句）
• 从句 2：that the measures … have failed…（宾语从句）
• 插入让步：although well-intentioned
• 从句 3：that the authorities set out（定语从句修饰 goals）

It is widely acknowledged that, when governments invest in early childhood education, the long-term benefits, which include higher productivity and lower crime rates, far outweigh the initial costs.

写作练习

1. 写一个"主干 + 非限制性定语从句 + that 宾语从句"的复合句（话题：气候变化）。
2. 写一个含 although 插入让步的长句（话题：城市生活）。

阅读练习

用三步法拆解下面长句，写出主干和从句类型：

Although the benefits of recycling are well documented, the rate of household participation remains low, largely because people lack clear guidance, which suggests that public awareness campaigns need to be redesigned.

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第 7 章 虚拟语气高级用法 Advanced Subjunctive

核心要点

• wish / if only：与现在/过去事实相反。
  • I wish the government would take action.（对将来愿望）
  • If only we had invested earlier.（对过去遗憾）
• It's (high) time (that) + 过去式：早该做某事了。
  • It is time we addressed this issue.
• would rather + 过去式：宁愿。
• but for / without / otherwise：含蓄虚拟。
  • But for the new policy, prices would have risen further.
• 建议/要求/命令类 + (should) + 动词原形：suggest, recommend, require, insist, demand that…
• 虚拟条件句倒装：Had / Were / Should + 主语 + …（= If…）。

雅思例句

• It is time the government took stronger measures to tackle pollution.
• The report recommends that companies provide flexible working arrangements.
• Had the policy been introduced earlier, the crisis might have been avoided.
• Without effective regulation, the situation would worsen.
• Many residents wish that public services were more accessible.

写作练习

1. 用 It is time… 写一句政策建议（话题：垃圾分类）。
2. 用 recommend that…(should) do 写一句建议（话题：企业/教育）。
3. 用 Had…been…, …would have… 写一个反事实句（话题：城市拥堵）。

阅读练习

判断下列句子中虚拟语气的类型（愿望/建议/含蓄/倒装条件）：

If only the authorities had invested in flood defences earlier, the damage would have been far less severe; it is time such lessons were learned.

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第 8 章 分词结构与悬垂规避 Participial Clauses & Dangling Participles

核心要点

• 现在分词短语（doing）：主动/同时发生；过去分词短语（done）：被动/完成。
• 作状语：时间、原因、条件、伴随。逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。
• 悬垂分词（Dangling participle）：分词逻辑主语 ≠ 主句主语 → 错误。
  • ✗ Walking in the park, the flowers looked beautiful.（flowers 不会走路）
  • ✓ Walking in the park, I saw beautiful flowers.
• 常见安全结构：Having done…（先完成）；Given / Considering / Compared with…（固定搭配）。
• 雅思应用：Given the circumstances… / Compared with 2000… / Considering the cost…

雅思例句

• Having experienced the benefits of remote work, many employees are reluctant to return to the office.
• Given the rapid growth of the elderly population, healthcare reform is urgent.
• Compared with 1990, life expectancy has increased by almost a decade.
• Faced with rising costs, the company had to cut back on expansion.
• Encouraged by the success of pilot projects, more cities adopted the scheme.

写作练习

1. 用 Having done… 写一句（话题：留学/工作经历）。
2. 用 Given… 写一句（话题：科技发展）。
3. 改正下面的悬垂分词：After reading the report, the conclusion seemed convincing to me.

阅读练习

判断下列分词短语是否悬垂，并修正错误句：

Compared with other regions, the employment rate here is impressive, but having relied on a single industry for decades, economic diversification remains a challenge for local planners.

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答案 Answers

第 1 章

写作：1.（示例）What matters most is that people remain curious and disciplined. 2. What people need is more green space in cities. 3.（示例）What technology has changed is the way students access knowledge. 阅读：What many people fail to realise（主语从句，谓语 is）；what 从句作主语，主句谓语用单数 is。

第 2 章

写作：1.（示例）It is the shortage of land that pushes housing prices up. 2. It is not until people experience illness that they realise the value of prevention. 3. What the policy mainly benefits is the middle class. 阅读：被强调成分是 the rapid development of e-commerce（rather than… 为对比插入）。

第 3 章

写作：1.（示例）Not only does public transport reduce congestion, but it also cuts carbon emissions. 2. Only when waste is sorted at source can recycling be effective. 3. Never before has technology changed our lives so profoundly. 阅读：Not only…（部分倒装，还原为 The number of tourists has not only increased…）；only through careful planning can the region avoid（Only + 状语部分倒装，还原为 the region can avoid overcrowding only through careful planning）。

第 4 章

写作：1.（示例）With remote work becoming common, office space demand has fallen. 2.（示例）With the new law implemented, factories must upgrade their equipment. 3. Costs rising, the government has to adjust its budget. 阅读：With energy prices rising sharply（with 复合结构）；the situation made worse by supply shortages（独立主格，名词 the situation + 过去分词 made）。

第 5 章

写作：1. The improvement of the public transport system is essential. 2. There is a growing view that AI will create more job opportunities. 3. The reduction of pollution will lead to an improvement in public health. 阅读：that universities should lower tuition fees（同位语从句，修饰 the proposal）；the expansion of scholarship programmes（名词化）；has gained widespread support（动词 gained + 名词化宾语）。

第 6 章

写作：1.（示例）Climate change, which is largely caused by human activity, means that urgent action is required. 2.（示例）City life, although convenient, often means that residents feel isolated from nature. 阅读：主干：the rate of household participation remains low；Although…（让步状语从句）；because people lack…（原因状语从句）；which suggests…（非限制性定语从句）；that public awareness campaigns need to be redesigned（宾语从句）。

第 7 章

写作：1. It is time households sorted their waste properly. 2. The report recommends that companies provide more training opportunities. 3. Had the authorities expanded the metro earlier, congestion would have eased considerably. 阅读：If only…had invested（对过去愿望）；would have been（与过去事实相反的虚拟主句）；it is time such lessons were learned（It's time + 过去式）。

第 8 章

写作：1.（示例）Having studied abroad, I became more independent. 2. Given the rapid pace of technological change, lifelong learning is essential. 3. 修正：After I read the report, the conclusion seemed convincing.（或 After reading the report, I found the conclusion convincing.） 阅读：Compared with…（固定搭配，安全）；having relied on a single industry for decades 的主语应为"地区/政府"，而主句主语是 economic diversification（抽象名词），逻辑上悬垂。修正：Having relied on a single industry for decades, the region still faces the challenge of economic diversification.