雅思写作高级功能名词 · 程度/可能性/变化/准确性
学术写作不靠 very 撑场面，靠这些抽象名词。
一、表示"程度"的名词
| 名词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| extent | 程度 | To a large extent, climate change is human-caused. |
| degree | 程度 | The results vary to different degrees. |
| magnitude | 巨大程度 | The magnitude of the disaster was unprecedented. |
| scale | 规模/程度 | The project was on a massive scale. |
| level | 水平/程度 | The level of pollution is alarming. |
| intensity | 强度 | The intensity of the debate grew. |
| severity | 严重性 | The severity of the damage... |
| magnitude | 量级 | The magnitude of the problem... |
| proportion | 比例 | A large proportion of respondents agreed. |
| fraction | 小部分 | Only a small fraction of... |
| majority | 大多数 | The majority of studies show... |
| minority | 少数 | A small minority disagreed. |
| spectrum | 范围/光谱 | The views span the entire spectrum. |
| range | 范围 | The range of options is limited. |
| scope | 范围/余地 | The scope of the study is narrow. |
| breadth | 广度 | The breadth of knowledge required... |
| depth | 深度 | The depth of analysis... |
| width | 宽度 | The width of the gap... |
| height | 高度 | The height of ambition... |
| length | 长度 | The length of time required... |
| volume | 量/体积 | The volume of data collected... |
| quantity | 数量 | The quantity of evidence... |
| number | 数量 | The number of participants... |
| amount | 总量 | The amount of funding... |
| sum | 总额 | The sum of money involved... |
| total | 总计 | The total exceeded expectations. |
| average | 平均 | On average, ... |
| mean | 平均值 | The mean score was 6.5. |
| median | 中位数 | The median household income... |
| peak | 峰值 | Production reached a peak in 2020. |
| trough | 谷底 | The economy hit a trough in... |
| threshold | 阈值 | The threshold for success is... |
| limit | 限度 | There is a limit to growth. |
| boundary | 边界 | The boundary between... |
| edge | 边缘 | On the edge of collapse. |
二、表示"可能性/概率"的名词
| 名词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| possibility | 可能性 | There is a possibility that... |
| likelihood | 概率 | The likelihood of success is low. |
| probability | 概率 | The probability of failure is high. |
| chance | 机会/概率 | There is a good chance of rain. |
| odds | 几率 | The odds are stacked against us. |
| risk | 风险 | There is a risk of... |
| hazard | 危害 | Environmental hazards... |
| danger | 危险 | The danger is that... |
| threat | 威胁 | The threat of extinction... |
| promise | 前景/希望 | The approach holds great promise. |
| potential | 潜力/可能性 | The potential for growth is enormous. |
| prospect | 前景 | The prospects are bleak. |
| outlook | 展望 | The economic outlook is uncertain. |
| forecast | 预测 | The forecast predicts growth. |
| prediction | 预测 | The prediction was accurate. |
| estimate | 估计 | The estimate is roughly 200. |
| approximation | 近似 | The approximation is close. |
| guess | 猜测 | At a rough guess, ... |
| speculation | 推测 | There is speculation that... |
| hypothesis | 假设 | The hypothesis was confirmed. |
| assumption | 假设 | The assumption is flawed. |
| premise | 前提 | The premise of the argument... |
| certainty | 确定性 | With certainty, we can say... |
| uncertainty | 不确定性 | There is considerable uncertainty. |
| doubt | 怀疑 | There is doubt about... |
| skepticism | 怀疑态度 | There is widespread skepticism. |
| confidence | 信心 | There is growing confidence that... |
| conviction | 确信 | With conviction, we assert... |
| belief | 信念 | The belief in progress... |
| opinion | 观点 | In my opinion, ... |
| view | 看法 | The prevailing view is... |
| perspective | 视角 | From a historical perspective, ... |
| stance | 立场 | The government's stance is clear. |
| position | 立场 | The company's position on... |
| attitude | 态度 | Public attitudes have shifted. |
| perception | 感知 | Public perception of... |
| awareness | 意识 | There is growing awareness. |
| understanding | 理解 | Our understanding of... is limited. |
| knowledge | 知识 | The knowledge gap... |
| ignorance | 无知 | Ignorance of the law... |
三、表示"变化/趋势"的名词
| 名词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| increase | 增长 | There was a significant increase. |
| decrease | 下降 | A decrease in temperature... |
| growth | 增长 | Economic growth has slowed. |
| decline | 下降/衰退 | The decline of the industry... |
| rise | 上升 | A sharp rise in prices... |
| fall | 下降 | A sudden fall in demand... |
| drop | 骤降 | A dramatic drop in sales... |
| jump | 跃升 | A significant jump in profits... |
| surge | 激增 | A surge in interest... |
| plunge | 暴跌 | A plunge in stock prices... |
| fluctuation | 波动 | Fluctuations in currency... |
| variation | 变异/变化 | Regional variations exist. |
| shift | 转变 | A paradigm shift... |
| transition | 过渡 | The transition to renewable energy... |
| transformation | 转型 | A transformation in education... |
| alteration | 修改 | Minor alterations... |
| modification | 调整 | Software modifications... |
| adjustment | 调整 | Price adjustments... |
| adaptation | 适应 | Climate adaptation... |
| adoption | 采纳 | The adoption of new policies... |
| implementation | 实施 | Policy implementation... |
| enforcement | 执行 | Law enforcement... |
| compliance | 合规 | Regulatory compliance... |
| adherence | 遵守 | Adherence to standards... |
| deviation | 偏离 | A deviation from the norm... |
| divergence | 分歧 | A growing divergence between... |
| convergence | 趋同 | The convergence of cultures... |
| consistency | 一致性 | The consistency of results... |
| inconsistency | 不一致 | The inconsistency in findings... |
| stability | 稳定性 | Political stability... |
| instability | 不稳定性 | Economic instability... |
| equilibrium | 平衡 | Market equilibrium... |
| imbalance | 不平衡 | The imbalance between... |
| balance | 平衡 | A delicate balance... |
| tension | 紧张 | The tension between... |
| conflict | 冲突 | A conflict of interest... |
| harmony | 和谐 | Social harmony... |
| progress | 进步 | Progress has been slow. |
| regression | 倒退 | A regression to old habits. |
| improvement | 改善 | A significant improvement. |
| deterioration | 恶化 | Environmental deterioration. |
| recovery | 恢复 | Economic recovery. |
| revival | 复苏 | A revival of interest. |
| resurgence | 复苏 | A resurgence of nationalism. |
| emergence | 出现 | The emergence of AI. |
| disappearance | 消失 | The disappearance of habitats. |
| extinction | 灭绝 | The extinction of species. |
| survival | 存活 | The survival of the fittest. |
| evolution | 进化 | Human evolution. |
| revolution | 革命 | The Industrial Revolution. |
| innovation | 创新 | Innovation drives growth. |
| invention | 发明 | The invention of the wheel. |
| discovery | 发现 | A major discovery. |
| breakthrough | 突破 | A major breakthrough. |
| advancement | 进步 | Scientific advancements. |
| development | 发展 | Technological development. |
| expansion | 扩张 | Urban expansion. |
| contraction | 收缩 | Economic contraction. |
| growth | 增长 | Population growth. |
| maturity | 成熟 | The maturity of the technology. |
| decline | 衰退 | The decline of the empire. |
| death | 死亡 | The death of the industry. |
| birth | 诞生 | The birth of a new era. |
| beginning | 开始 | The beginning of time. |
| end | 结束 | The end of an era. |
| conclusion | 结论 | The conclusion of the study. |
| commencement | 开始 | The commencement of the project. |
| termination | 终止 | The termination of the contract. |
四、表示"准确性/真实性"的名词
| 名词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| accuracy | 准确性 | The accuracy of the data... |
| precision | 精确度 | The precision of the measurement... |
| exactness | 精确性 | The exactness of the calculation... |
| correctness | 正确性 | The correctness of the answer... |
| validity | 有效性 | The validity of the argument... |
| soundness | 合理性 | The soundness of the conclusion... |
| truth | 真相/真理 | The truth is hard to find. |
| fact | 事实 | The facts speak for themselves. |
| reality | 现实 | In reality, ... |
| actuality | 实际 | In actuality, ... |
| authenticity | 真实性 | The authenticity of the document... |
| genuineness | 真实性 | The genuineness of the painting... |
| reliability | 可靠性 | The reliability of the source... |
| credibility | 可信度 | The credibility of the witness... |
| trustworthiness | 可信度 | The trustworthiness of the data... |
| validity | 效度 | The validity of the test... |
| soundness | 可靠性 | The soundness of the evidence... |
| reasonableness | 合理性 | The reasonableness of the request... |
| logic | 逻辑 | The logic of the argument... |
| rationale | 理由/依据 | The rationale behind the decision... |
| justification | 正当理由 | The justification for war... |
| explanation | 解释 | The explanation is simple. |
| interpretation | 解读 | Different interpretations exist. |
| assumption | 假设 | The assumption is unproven. |
| presumption | 推定 | The presumption of innocence... |
| inference | 推论 | The inference from the data... |
| deduction | 演绎 | Logical deduction. |
| conclusion | 结论 | The conclusion follows. |
| generalization | 概括 | Broad generalizations... |
| abstraction | 抽象 | Abstraction vs. reality. |
| concept | 概念 | The concept of freedom... |
| notion | 观念 | The notion of progress... |
| idea | 想法 | The idea behind... |
| theory | 理论 | The theory of relativity... |
| hypothesis | 假说 | The hypothesis is testable. |
| principle | 原则 | The principle of justice... |
| law | 定律/法律 | The law of supply and demand... |
| rule | 规则 | The rules of the game... |
| standard | 标准 | The standard of proof... |
| criterion | 标准 | The criterion for success... |
| benchmark | 基准 | The benchmark for performance... |
| reference | 参考 | The reference point... |
| baseline | 基线 | The baseline measurement... |
| threshold | 阈值 | The threshold for action... |
五、表示"因果关系"的名词
| 名词 | 意思 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| cause | 原因 | The cause of the problem... |
| reason | 理由 | The reason for delay... |
| source | 来源 | The source of the issue... |
| root | 根源 | The root of the problem... |
| origin | 起源 | The origin of the universe... |
| basis | 基础 | The basis of the argument... |
| foundation | 基础 | The foundation of knowledge... |
| ground | 根据 | On the grounds that... |
| result | 结果 | The result was disappointing. |
| outcome | 后果 | The outcome is uncertain. |
| consequence | 后果 | The consequences are severe. |
| effect | 效果 | The effect of climate change... |
| impact | 影响 | The impact of technology... |
| influence | 影响 | The influence of media... |
| aftermath | 余波 | The aftermath of the war... |
| implication | 含义/影响 | The implications are profound. |
| significance | 意义 | The significance of the event... |
| relevance | 相关性 | The relevance of the findings... |
| contribution | 贡献 | The contribution of volunteers... |
| attribution | 归因 | The attribution of the cause... |
| correlation | 相关性 | The correlation between... |
| causation | 因果关系 | Causation ≠ correlation. |
| mechanism | 机制 | The mechanism of action... |
| process | 过程 | The process of learning... |
| procedure | 程序 | The procedure is standard. |
| method | 方法 | The method is flawed. |
| approach | 方法 | A new approach to... |
| strategy | 策略 | A long-term strategy. |
| technique | 技术 | The technique is innovative. |
| system | 系统 | The system is broken. |
| structure | 结构 | The structure of the essay... |
| framework | 框架 | A theoretical framework. |
| model | 模型 | A conceptual model. |
| paradigm | 范式 | A paradigm shift. |
六、否定形式：不准确性/不确定性
| 肯定 | 否定 | 意思 |
|---|---|---|
| accuracy | inaccuracy | 不准确 |
| precision | imprecision | 不精确 |
| validity | invalidity | 无效 |
| soundness | unsoundness | 不合理 |
| reliability | unreliability | 不可靠 |
| credibility | incredibility | 不可信 |
| certainty | uncertainty | 不确定 |
| consistency | inconsistency | 不一致 |
| stability | instability | 不稳定 |
| regularity | irregularity | 不规则 |
| responsibility | irresponsibility | 不负责任 |
| availability | unavailability | 不可获得 |
| awareness | unawareness | 没意识到 |
| vulnerability | invulnerability | 无懈可击 |
| coherence | incoherence | 不连贯 |
| clarity | obscurity / unclarity | 不清晰 |
| maturity | immaturity | 不成熟 |
| equality | inequality | 不平等 |
| justice | injustice | 不公 |
| ability | inability / disability | 无能 |
| possibility | impossibility | 不可能 |
| probability | improbability | 不大可能 |
| visibility | invisibility | 不可见 |
| flexibility | inflexibility | 不灵活 |
| difference | indifference | 漠不关心 |
注意： 这些否定词几乎全是拉丁语前缀（in-/im-/un-/ir-），和词根专题一致。写作里用否定形式能立刻提升学术感：
- ❌ The data is not accurate.
- ✅ The inaccuracy of the data undermines the conclusion.
实战：把这些词塞进句子
别写：
The number of people who work from home increased a lot, and this is very important.
改成：
There has been a significant increase in the proportion of people working remotely, with implications for urban planning and commercial real estate.
一句话里用了：increase, proportion, implications, real estate——全是名词，没有一个 very。
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