词源目录:英语中的拉丁语词根(Roots of English from Latin)
用途:这是"正向学习法 · 词源路径"专题的第二份基础目录。法语层讲"借来的词",拉丁层讲"拼出来的词"——英语学术词汇的主体是拉丁词根 + 词缀的构件组合。掌握词根,等于拿到学术长难词的"乐高积木"。 整理日期:2026-09-26 说明:每个词根给出"拉丁来源 + 语义逻辑一句话 + 派生例词"。词根按语义分组,便于成片记忆。
一、总览:拉丁层在英语中的位置
英语词汇三层结构:日耳曼底层(口语、日常)→ 法语层(制度、抽象)→ 拉丁希腊层(学术、科学、书面最高层)。
其中拉丁层又分两条路进来:
- 借词(同法语层一起,经法语中转,如 justice、evidence);
- 构词(文艺复兴后学者直接用拉丁词根造学术词,如 demonstrate、conventional)。
本目录聚焦构词路径:词根(root)决定核心含义,前缀(prefix)改变方向,后缀(suffix)决定词性。看到词根就能猜词,猜词就是雅思阅读的同义替换能力。
识别信号:拉丁构词词大多 ≥2 音节、有固定词缀骨架、重音有规律(-tion 前重音、-ity 前重音)。
二、核心词根表(按语义分组)
2.1 拿、握、带、运(抓取类)
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| cap / capt / cept / cip / ceive | take, seize 拿取 | capture, accept, receive, concept, principle | concept = con+cept"一起拿进来"= 心中收纳的概念 |
| ten / tent / tain / tin | hold 握住 | contain, maintain, sustain, tenure | maintain = main(手)+tain 用手握住不放 = 维持 |
| fer | carry, bring 携带 | transfer, refer, prefer, offer | transfer = trans+fer"从一边搬到另一边" = 转移 |
| port | carry 搬运 | transport, portable, export, import | portable = 可以(port)搬动的 = 便携的 |
| duc / duct | lead 引导 | educate, introduce, conduct, produce | educate = e(出)+duc"引出来",见下"语义逻辑示范" |
| tract / tra | draw 拉 | attract, extract, contract | attract = at(向)+tract 向自己这边拉 = 吸引 |
| pel / puls | drive 驱赶 | compel, expel, impulse, repel | compel = com(加强)+pel 强力驱赶 = 强迫 |
| press | press 压 | pressure, express, impress | express = ex(出)+press 把(想法)压出来 = 表达 |
| rupt | break 破坏 | interrupt, corrupt, erupt, bankrupt | interrupt = inter(之间)+rupt 从中间断开 = 打断 |
| pend / pens | hang, weigh 悬挂、称量 | depend, expense, pension | depend = de(下)+pend 挂在(某人)下面 = 依赖 |
| gest / ger | carry, bear 承载 | suggest, digest, gesture | suggest = sug(下)+gest 从下面托上来 = 暗示 |
2.2 走、跑、流、行(运动类)
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| cede / cess / ceed | go, yield 走、让 | proceed, success, access, exceed | success = suc(下)+cess 一步步走到下面(目标)= 成功 |
| cur / curs / cour | run 跑 | occur, current, course, excursion | current = 正在"跑"的 = 当前的/水流 |
| flu / flux | flow 流 | influence, fluent, fluctuate | influence = in+flu"流入"人心 = 影响 |
| grad / gress | step 步 | progress, graduate, degree, aggressive | progress = pro(前)+gress 向前迈步 = 进步 |
| migr | move 迁移 | migrate, immigrant, emigrant | im(入)+migr 移入 = 移居入境 |
| mov / mot / mob | move 动 | motion, promote, emotion, mobile | emotion = e(出)+mot 从心里"动出来"的感情 = 情绪 |
| vad / vas | go 走 | invade, evade, pervasive | invade = in+vad 走进(别国)= 入侵 |
| sec / sequ / suit | follow 跟随 | sequence, consequence, second | consequence = con+sequ"跟着(前面的事)来的"= 后果 |
| it | go 去 | exit, initial, transit | initial = in+it 走进去的第一步 = 最初的 |
2.3 放、立、站、停(静态类)
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| pon / pos / posit | place 放置 | position, compose, deposit, component | component = com+pon"放在一起的部分" = 组件 |
| sta / stat / stit | stand 站立 | status, station, establish, constant | constant = con+stant 一直站着不动 = 恒定的 |
| sist | stand, stop 立、停 | consist, resist, assist, persist | persist = per(贯穿)+sist 从头站到尾 = 坚持 |
| loc | place 地点 | local, locate, allocate | allocate = al(向)+loc 把…放到某处 = 分配 |
| struct | build 建造 | construct, structure, instruct | instruct = in+struct 在(心里)建造 = 教导 |
2.4 转、滚、绕(变形类)
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| vert / vers | turn 转 | convert, reverse, version, universe | version = vers 转出来的一个"样态" = 版本 |
| volv / volut | roll 滚 | involve, evolve, revolution | evolve = e(出)+volv 滚动展开 = 演化 |
| lect / leg / lig | choose, gather 选、集 | collect, select, elegant, college | elegant = e(出)+leg"挑出来的"= 精致的 |
| junct / join | join 连接 | junction, conjunction, joint | junction = 连接处 = 路口 |
| tort | twist 扭 | torture, distort, retort | distort = dis(离)+tort 扭得离开原样 = 扭曲 |
2.5 看、听、说、写、知、思(认知类)
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| vid / vis | see 看见 | video, visible, evidence, provide | evidence = e(出)+vid"看得见的东西" = 证据 |
| aud | hear 听 | audio, audience, auditorium | audience = 来"听"的人 = 听众 |
| dic / dict | say 说 | predict, dictate, indicate, dictionary | predict = pre(先)+dict 事先说 = 预言 |
| scrib / script | write 写 | describe, prescribe, manuscript | manuscript = manu(手)+script 手写的 = 手稿 |
| sci | know 知道 | science, conscious, conscience | conscious = con+sci"心里知道" = 有意识的 |
| not / gn | know, mark 知道、标记 | notice, notion, recognize | notice = 让人"知道"的信号 = 通知/注意 |
| cred | believe 相信 | credit, credible, incredible | credit = 你"信"他所以赊账 = 信用 |
| sent / sens | feel 感觉 | sense, sensible, sentiment | sentiment = 心里的"感觉" = 情感 |
| ment | mind 心智 | mental, mention, comment | comment = com+ment 把想法(ment)放出来 = 评论 |
| put | think, prune 思考 | compute, dispute, reputation | compute = com+put 把(数字)想在一起 = 计算 |
2.6 生、长、活、死、身(生命类)
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| gen / gener | birth, kind 生、种类 | generate, gender, genetic, genius | generate = 生出来 = 产生 |
| nat | born 出生 | native, nation, nature | nation = 同"生"的一族人 = 民族 |
| viv / vit | live 活 | survive, vivid, vital, vitamin | survive = sur(超)+viv 活得比(灾难)久 = 幸存 |
| anim | life, mind 生命、心智 | animal, animation, unanimous | unanimous = un(一)+anim"一个心" = 全体一致的 |
| mort | death 死亡 | mortal, immortal, mortgage | mortgage = mort+gage"死契"(还不上就死当) |
| corp | body 身体 | corporation, corporal, corpse | corporation = 法人"团体" = 公司 |
| nasc / nat | be born 出生 | nascent, renaissance | renaissance = re(再)+nasc 重新出生 = 文艺复兴 |
| cresc / cret | grow 生长 | increase, create, concrete | create = 使生长出来 = 创造 |
2.7 力、值、大、小、好、坏(评价类)
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| fort / forc | strong 强 | force, fortify, effort | effort = ef(出)+fort 使出力量 = 努力 |
| val | worth, strong 价值、强 | value, valid, available, prevail | prevail = pre+val"力量在前面" = 盛行/获胜 |
| magn | great 大 | magnify, magnitude, magnificent | magnify = 放大 |
| min | small, less 小、少 | minimum, minor, diminish | diminish = di(向下)+min 越来越小 = 减少 |
| bon / bene | good 好 | benefit, bonus, benevolent | benefit = bene+fit(做) 做好事 = 利益 |
| mal | bad 坏 | malfunction, malice, malformed | malfunction = 运行出错 = 故障 |
| nov | new 新 | novel, innovation, renovate | innovation = in+nov"进入新的" = 创新 |
| clar | clear 清晰 | declare, clarify | declare = de+clar 说清楚 = 宣布 |
| ver | true 真 | verify, verdict, very | verify = 使之成真 = 核实 |
| just / jur | law, right 法、正 | justice, justify, jury | justify = 使(行为)合"法/正" = 证明正当 |
2.8 时间、空间、大地(时空类)
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| temp / tempor | time 时间 | temporary, contemporary, tempo | contemporary = con(同)+tempor 同一时代的人 = 当代的 |
| ann / enn | year 年 | annual, anniversary, perennial | annual = 一年一次的 |
| di / dies | day 日 | diary, daily, dial | diary = 每日记录 = 日记 |
| terr | land, earth 土地 | territory, terrace, terrain | territory = 领主(terr)之地 = 领土 |
| mar / mari | sea 海 | marine, maritime, submarine | submarine = sub(下)+marine 海下 = 潜水艇 |
| urb | city 城市 | urban, suburb, urbanize | suburb = sub(下/旁)+urb 城边 = 郊区 |
| civ / civil | citizen 公民 | civil, civilization, civilian | civilization = 公民化的进程 = 文明 |
| lat | side, broad 侧、宽 | lateral, latitude, translate | translate = trans+lat"搬到另一边" = 翻译 |
| med | middle 中间 | medium, mediate, immediate | immediate = im(不)+medi"没有中间环节" = 立即 |
| prim / prin | first 第一 | primary, principle, primitive | principle = 第一(条)原理 = 原则 |
| nov / neo | new 新 | novel, novelty, neolithic | (同 2.7 的 nov) |
2.9 数字与量(数量类)
| 词根 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| uni / un | one 一 | unity, uniform, universe | universe = uni+vers"合而为一地转" = 宇宙 |
| bi | two 二 | bicycle, bilingual, binary | bicycle = bi+cycle 两个轮子 = 自行车 |
| tri | three 三 | triangle, triple, trilogy | triangle = 三个角 = 三角形 |
| quadr / quart | four 四 | quadrant, quarter | quarter = 四分之一 |
| cent | hundred 百 | century, percent, centigrade | percent = per+cent 每百 = 百分比 |
| mill | thousand 千 | million, millennium | million = 一千×一千 = 百万 |
| multi / mult | many 多 | multiple, multiply, multimedia | multiple = 多的 = 多个的 |
| semi / demi | half 半 | semester, semicircle | semester = 半年一学期 |
| omni | all 全 | omnipotent, omnipresent | omnipotent = 全能 |
| sol | alone 单独 | sole, solitary, isolate | isolate = 使之单独 = 隔离 |
三、高频拉丁前缀表(决定方向)
| 前缀 | 含义 | 例词 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ab- | away 离开 | absent, abstract | abstract = ab+tract 拉走(具体内容) = 抽象 |
| ad- (a-, ac-, af-) | toward 向 | advance, adapt, adhere | advance = ad+前"向前走" = 前进 |
| con- / com- (co-, col-) | together 一起 | connect, combine, collaborate | combine = com+bin 两个合成一个 = 结合 |
| de- | down, away 下、去 | descend, decrease, delete | decrease = de+crease"向下长(少)" = 减少 |
| dis- (di-) | apart, not 分开、否定 | distribute, disorder, disappear | distribute = dis+tribute 分给各家 = 分配 |
| ex- / e- (ef-) | out 出 | export, exit, emit, effect | emit = e+mit 送出去 = 发出 |
| in- (im-, il-, ir-) | into / not 入、不 | import, improve, illegal, irregular | 注意一前缀两义:in 可表"入"也可表"不" |
| inter- | between 之间 | international, interact, interrupt | interact = inter+act 之间互动 = 交流 |
| per- | through, thoroughly 贯穿、完全 | perfect, perform, persist | perfect = per+fect"彻底做完" = 完美 |
| post- | after 后 | postpone, postgraduate | postpone = post+pon 放到后面 = 推迟 |
| pre- | before 前 | predict, prevent, prepare | prevent = pre+vent"提前挡住" = 预防 |
| pro- | forward 向前 | progress, produce, promote | produce = pro+duc"向前引出" = 生产 |
| re- | back, again 回、再 | return, review, research | research = re+search 一再搜寻 = 研究 |
| sub- (suc-, suf-, sup-) | under 下 | submarine, success, suffer, support | success = suc+cess"从下面走到目标" = 成功 |
| super- / sur- | above, over 上、超 | superior, surface, survive | surface = sur+face"脸的上面" = 表面 |
| trans- | across, change 横过、变换 | transport, translate, transparent | transparent = trans+parent 看得穿 = 透明的 |
| vice- | deputy 副 | vice-president, vice versa | vice versa = 反过来 = 反之亦然 |
四、高频拉丁后缀表(决定词性)
| 后缀 | 词性 | 例词 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| -tion / -sion | 名词 | action, decision, education | 拉丁 -tio,学术名词主力 |
| -ment | 名词 | government, development | 法语中转(见法语目录 -ment) |
| -ity / -ty | 名词 | diversity, opportunity, city | 表"性质、状态" |
| -ance / -ence | 名词 | importance, difference | 表"行为、状态" |
| -ous | 形容词 | famous, dangerous | = 充满…的 |
| -ive | 形容词 | active, creative, expensive | = 有…倾向的 |
| -ate | 动词/形容词 | create, activate, accurate | 拉丁 -atus |
| -al | 形容词 | natural, cultural | = 与…有关的 |
| -ible / -able | 形容词 | possible, visible, flexible | = 可…的 |
| -ist | 人 | scientist, artist | = 从事…的人 |
| -or / -er | 人/物 | actor, doctor, elevator | = 施动者 |
| -ity 注意重音 | — | uniVERsity, opporTUNity | 重音落在 -ity 前一个音节 |
五、语义逻辑示范:一个词根如何"拆出"一个词
| 词 | 拆解 | 语义逻辑 |
|---|---|---|
| demonstrate | de(完全) + monstrare(展示) | 彻底"展示"给你看 → 证明、演示 |
| contribute | con(一起) + tribuere(给予) | 大家一起"给" → 贡献 |
| evidence | e(出) + videre(看) + -ence | "看得见"的东西 → 证据 |
| education | e(出) + ducere(引导) + -ation | 把潜能"引出来" → 教育 |
| conventional | con(一起) + venire(来) + -al | 大家"一起来"(约定俗成)→ 传统的 |
| consequence | con(跟着) + sequi(跟随) + -ence | "跟着"前面事来的 → 后果 |
| comprehension | com(一起) + prehendere(抓) + -sion | 一起"抓住" → 理解 |
| circumference | circum(环绕) + ferre(携带) | 绕一圈"带"过的 → 周长 |
| invisible | in(不) + videre(看) + -ible | 看"不见"的 → 无形的 |
| superficial | super(上面) + facies(脸/面) + -al | 只在"面上"的 → 肤浅的 |
拆词三问(雅思阅读猜词法):
- 前缀表示什么方向?(上/下/出/入/回/一起/分离…)
- 词根表达什么动作或状态?(拿/走/看/说/放/转…)
- 后缀决定什么词性?(名词/动词/形容词…)
例:reconciled → re(再) + concil(召集/和解) + -ed → "再次调和" = 和解、使一致。
六、拉丁词根的雅思价值
- 猜词:阅读中生词大多可拆,看见词根不必查字典;
- 同义替换:题干与原文常用"同词根换词缀"改写(measure → measurement,assess → assessment);
- 写作高分:动词化/名词化是写作加分的骨架(nominalisation:reduce → reduction,compare → comparison);
- 学术词族:一个词根带一族词,记一个根 = 记一串词:
- duc/duct → conduct, educate, produce, introduce, reduce, induce, deduce…
- cept/cap → accept, concept, except, intercept, capacity, capture…
- vid/vis → visible, vision, evidence, provide, revise, supervise…
七、扩展路径(后续工作)
- 拉丁词根记忆串联课文:把 2.1–2.9 的词根嵌进 1–2 篇短文,语境记词;
- 拆词猜词阅读课:用第五节"拆词三问"做雅思阅读实战练习;
- 词族专篇:每个核心词根拉出一族词(词族表),配合同义替换训练;
- 与法语目录联动:法语层(justice/evidence)与拉丁构词层(justify/evidence 的根)打通,形成"借词→构词"完整脉络;
- 发布:本目录已可发布;后续课文陆续挂入 English Etymology 焦点。
词根信息以主流词源词典(OED / Etymonline)为准;词根变体(如 cap/cept/ceive/cip)为拉丁语元音交替的拼写遗迹,属正常现象。
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