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For millions of people, a foreign holiday is the highlight of the year. Tourism is one of the world's largest industries, employing hundreds of millions of people and generating enormous wealth for developing countries. Yet the same activity that brings income to beach resorts and mountain villages
For the first time in history, more than half of humanity now lives in cities. By 2050, that figure is expected to reach 68 per cent. This migration from countryside to city is the most significant social shift of our age — and it brings both enormous opportunities and severe challenges. Cities are
People in wealthy countries now live, on average, nearly a decade longer than they did half a century ago. This remarkable achievement is often attributed to advances in medicine — vaccines, antibiotics and new treatments for heart disease and cancer. Yet researchers increasingly argue that the bigg
Only a few years ago, artificial intelligence was a subject confined to science fiction. Today, it is embedded in the routine of almost every modern life: smartphones recognise our faces, music apps predict our tastes, and navigation systems calculate the fastest route before we leave home. The spe
Over the past two decades, distance education has been transformed by the internet. What began as a limited option for a small number of students is now a global industry, with millions of people enrolling in courses offered by universities and private institutions on online platforms. The appeal i
Each year, millions of tonnes of plastic waste enter the world's oceans, threatening marine ecosystems that have evolved over millions of years. Much of this debris originates from landfills and rivers, and once it reaches the sea, it rarely disappears. Unlike natural materials, plastic does not de
For millions of people, a foreign holiday is the highlight of the year. Tourism is one of the world's largest industries, employing hundreds of millions of people and generating enormous wealth for developing countries. Yet the same activity that brings income to beach resorts and mountain villages
"Why should taxpayers fund art galleries and orchestras when hospitals need money?" This question is asked in every government budget debate, and the answer is rarely as simple as the questioner assumes. Art is not a luxury that civilised societies can take or leave; it is part of what makes a socie
Long before the internet connected continents, there was the Silk Road — a network of trade routes that linked China, India, Persia, Arabia and Europe for over 1,500 years. The name suggests a single road, but it was not: it was a web of tracks, deserts and mountain passes along which goods, ideas a
A growing number of workers no longer hold a single "job for life". Instead, they move from one short-term task — or "gig" — to the next: delivering food, driving for a ride-share app, designing websites on contract, or tutoring online. This flexible way of working, known as the gig economy, has gro
Walk through any major city in the world and you will find the same chain restaurants, the same pop music, the same films playing in the multiplexes. This growing cultural homogeneity is often described as globalisation — a process in which the cultures of different countries become increasingly int
For the first time in history, more than half of humanity now lives in cities. By 2050, that figure is expected to reach 68 per cent. This migration from countryside to city is the most significant social shift of our age — and it brings both enormous opportunities and severe challenges. Cities are
People in wealthy countries now live, on average, nearly a decade longer than they did half a century ago. This remarkable achievement is often attributed to advances in medicine — vaccines, antibiotics and new treatments for heart disease and cancer. Yet researchers increasingly argue that the bigg
Only a few years ago, artificial intelligence was a subject confined to science fiction. Today, it is embedded in the routine of almost every modern life: smartphones recognise our faces, music apps predict our tastes, and navigation systems calculate the fastest route before we leave home. The spe
Over the past two decades, distance education has been transformed by the internet. What began as a limited option for a small number of students is now a global industry, with millions of people enrolling in courses offered by universities and private institutions on online platforms. The appeal i
Each year, millions of tonnes of plastic waste enter the world's oceans, threatening marine ecosystems that have evolved over millions of years. Much of this debris originates from landfills and rivers, and once it reaches the sea, it rarely disappears. Unlike natural materials, plastic does not de
The bar chart below shows the percentage of households in four European countries the UK, Germany, France and Spain that had access to three selected technologies in 2020: the internet, a smartphone, and a tablet computer. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
The line graph below shows the consumption of three types of fast food pizza, hamburgers, and fish and chips in a European country, from 1990 to 2020. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. | | Year
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13. A. Popular accounts of technological progress revolve around solitary geniuses. Archimedes leaping from his bath, Newton struck by an apple, Edison toiling alone in his Menlo Park laboratory — these images are so embedded in our culture that th
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1–13. A. When people speak of memory, they almost always do so in tones of admiration. The ability to remember — to recall names, faces, facts and routes — is treated as a sign of intelligence, and its loss is treated as a tragedy. Yet this almost ex