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Geography Detail · Mountain Range The Himalayas 喜马拉雅山脉 · 世界屋脊 The Himalayas are the highest and most formidable mountain range on Earth, an arc of about 2,400 kilometres separating the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. Ten of the world's fourteen peaks above 8,000 metres stand here, crow
Encyclopedia: The Himalayas — Geography DetailGeography Detail · Reef The Great Barrier Reef 大堡礁 · 活着的珊瑚档案 The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest coral reef system, stretching more than 2,300 kilometres along the north-east coast of Australia. It is so vast that it can be seen from space, and it is one of the most biodiverse places on th
Encyclopedia: The Great Barrier Reef — Geography DetailGeography Detail · Lake Lake Baikal 贝加尔湖 · 西伯利亚的深蓝之眼 Lake Baikal is the world's oldest and deepest lake, plunging to 1,642 metres in the heart of Siberia, Russia. Formed about 25 million years ago, it holds more fresh water than all the North American Great Lakes combined — roughly one fifth of the
Encyclopedia: Lake Baikal — Geography DetailGeography Detail · Desert The Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠 · 最大的热沙漠 The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, covering about 9.2 million square kilometres — roughly the area of the whole United States. It stretches across eleven countries in North Africa, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea. 9.2
Encyclopedia: The Sahara Desert — Geography DetailGeography Detail · River & Rainforest The Amazon River & Rainforest 亚马逊河与雨林 · 生命之河 The Amazon is the largest river by discharge and the heart of the largest rainforest on Earth. It flows about 6,400 km across South America, carrying more water than any other river — roughly one fifth of all freshwat
Encyclopedia: The Amazon River & Rainforest — Geography DetailGeography Detail · Mountain Mount Everest 珠穆朗玛峰 · 世界之巅 Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, rising 8,848 metres above sea level on the border of Nepal and the Tibet region of China. Known in Tibetan as Chomolungma 'Goddess Mother of the World' and in Nepali as Sagarmatha, it is the crown
Encyclopedia: Mount Everest — Geography DetailEnglish Encyclopedia · Focus 24 | Geography Index WORLD GEOGRAPHY 世界地理列表 · Chinese annotation The continents, countries, mountains, rivers, deserts, oceans, seas and islands that form the skeleton of our planet. Figures follow commonly accepted reference values for general study and exam
World Geography · 世界地理列表 — Encyclopedia List IndexIndustrialisation did not follow a single blueprint. Britain pioneered the path in the eighteenth century; Germany, the United States and Japan each found their own route; and late developers in Asia and elsewhere industrialised under very different conditions. The result is a rich variety of nation
Encyclopedia 10: Pathways to Industrialization — EconomyLong before the age of machines, trade was already weaving distant regions together. Ancient economies were not isolated; they depended on exchanges that moved goods, ideas and techniques across deserts, seas and mountain passes. Trade supplied what local environments could not produce, and in doing
Encyclopedia 09: Ancient Trade Networks — EconomyArchitecture and literature are among the most durable records a civilisation leaves behind. One speaks in stone, timber and space; the other in words. Together they preserve what a people valued, believed and aspired to, and they do so in forms that can be read long after the societies that created
Encyclopedia 08: Architecture & Literary Traditions — CultureFestivals are among the oldest and most universal features of human culture. Every society, however small or modern, marks time with celebrations that gather its members together. At their core, festivals perform essential functions: they renew social bonds, transmit values to the young, and give sh
Encyclopedia 07: Traditional Beliefs & Festivals — CultureThe Industrial Revolution, beginning in Britain around the mid-eighteenth century and spreading across Europe, North America and eventually the wider world, marked the most profound economic transformation in human history. For thousands of years, productivity had grown only slowly; the new era of m
Encyclopedia 06: The Industrial Revolution — HistoryThe Age of Exploration, spanning roughly the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries, saw European powers push outward across the oceans in search of trade, territory and religious influence. The immediate motive was economic: European demand for Asian spices, silks and precious metals, and the desir
Encyclopedia 05: The Age of Exploration & Globalization — HistoryA civilisation typically emerges when three conditions coincide: a reliable surplus of food, a degree of social stratification, and a system of writing or record-keeping. Fertile river valleys such as the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates, the Indus and the Yellow River provided the agricultural base that
Encyclopedia 04: Rise & Fall of Ancient Civilizations — HistoryA monsoon is a seasonal wind system that reverses direction between summer and winter, driven by the difference in temperature between a large landmass and the adjacent ocean. The most powerful and influential of these is the South Asian monsoon, which governs the rainfall and livelihoods of more th
Encyclopedia 03: The Monsoon System — GeographyThe Indus Valley Civilization, one of the four great early river-basin cultures of the ancient world, flourished between roughly 2600 and 1900 BCE along the floodplains of the Indus River and its tributaries in what is today Pakistan and northwest India. Unlike Egypt, which clung to the narrow valle
Encyclopedia 02: The Indus Valley Civilization — GeographyThe Nile ranks as the world's longest river and forms the fundamental geographical basis upon which ancient Egyptian civilization rose and flourished for millennia. Traversing the arid zones of northeastern Africa, the river carves a narrow habitable corridor through desert landscapes, yielding one
Encyclopedia 01: The Nile River & Egyptian Civilization — Geography为什么 quick 是形容词，quickly 却是副词？别急，结尾那一截 -ly 就是答案。副词后缀是英语里最后一块拼图——它把形容词变成"怎样地"，专门修饰动词、形容词或整个句子。 副词后缀数量最少，但分工极清楚，主要三个： -ly（日耳曼源，最能产）："以……方式地"。绝大多数形容词 + -ly 就变成副词，回答"怎么做的"。注意：带 -ly 的不一定都是副词（friendly、lovely 是形容词），但副词里十有八九带 -ly。 -wards（日耳曼源）："朝……方向"。表空间或时间的走向，如 forward、backward、upwards、towards。 -wise（
词性后缀专题 04 · 副词后缀：-ly、-wards、-wise……一个后缀，变出副词为什么 modern 是形容词，modernize 却是动词？别急，结尾那一截 -ize 就是答案。动词后缀最"霸道"——它们能把形容词、名词直接变成一个动作，意思通常是"使……化、使……变得"。 动词后缀的共同使命，是把名词/形容词变成使役动作——"使它变成那样"。主要有五个： -ize/-ise（希腊源，最能产）："使……化"。美式写 -ize，英式常写 -ise（realise/realize）。现代新词最爱用它，如 digitalize、urbanize。 -ify（拉丁源）："使……化、使成为"。常把词根变成"使具有某种性质"。 -ate（拉丁源）："使……、做……"，是
词性后缀专题 03 · 动词后缀：-ize/-ise、-ify、-ate……一个后缀，变出动词为什么 act 是动词，active 却是形容词？别急，结尾那一截 -ive 就是答案。形容词后缀把一个动词或名词变成"……的"，专门给名词"贴标签、加描述"。 形容词后缀的共同使命，是给前面的词赋予属性——"有……的、能……的、像……的"。它们来自拉丁与日耳曼两条脉： 倾向/性质类（拉丁源）：-ive（有……倾向的）、-ous（充满……的）、-ent/-ant（正在……的）、-al（与……相关的）、-ary（与……有关的）。 可能/值得类：-able/-ible（能被……的、值得……的）——书面高频。 满/无类（日耳曼源）：-ful（充满……的，注意是 full 的缩写）、-le
词性后缀专题 02 · 形容词后缀：-ive、-ous、-able/-ible……一个后缀，变出形容词为什么 decide 是动词，decision 却是名词？别急，结尾那一截 -ion 就是答案。名词后缀是英语里数量最多、最能"造词"的一族——它们把一个动作、一种状态、一个身份，统统变成可以"拿来说、拿来写"的名词。 名词后缀的共同使命，是把动词/形容词/词根名词化，让它在句子里当主语、宾语。它们大致分四组： 动作/结果类（拉丁源）：-tion/-sion（动作本身）、-ment（行为过程）、-ance/-ence（状态性质）、-ure（行为结果）——把动词变成"做这件事"。 状态/性质类（日耳曼+拉丁）：-ness（日常状态）、-ity（抽象性质）——把形容词变成"这种样子"。
词性后缀专题 01 · 名词后缀：-tion/-sion、-ment、-ness、-ity……一个后缀，变出抽象名词为什么 create 是动词，creation 却是名词？别急，读懂结尾那一截后缀，你就掌握了英语词性的总开关。词根 104 篇讲完了"单词的意思从哪来"，这 5 篇收尾，专门讲"单词的词性由谁定"。 前面 104 篇我们反复讲一个道理：词根决定词义、前缀决定方向、后缀决定词性。 一个词好比一辆车：词根是车身（装的是什么货——词义），前缀是方向盘（往哪开——方向），后缀是车牌（挂什么牌照——词性）。同一个词根 create（创造），换上不同的后缀，就能变出动词、名词、形容词、副词一大家子：create（动词）→ creation（名词）→ creative（形容词）→ creati
词性后缀专题 00 · 总览：一个词根，变出所有词性——-tion/-ment/-ive……一串后缀为什么 thesis 是论文，hypothesis 却是假设？别急，一个词根 thes/thet 帮你搞定，顺便再带走这些单词。 词根 thes / thet / them 来自希腊语 tithenai，核心意思是"放置、摆放"——把一样东西放到某个位置。古人讲摆出论点、把材料凑到一起、在底下打基础，都用它开头。记住"放"，前缀决定"往哪放、怎么放"，单词的意思就全出来了。 | 单词 | 词性 | 拆解 | 字面 | 引申义 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | thesis | n. | thes放置 + is | 放出来的观点 | 论文；论
词根专篇 103 · thesis/thet：一个词根搞定 thesis/synthesis/hypothesis 一串单词为什么 thermal 是热的，hypothermia 却是体温过低？别急，一个词根 therm 帮你搞定，顺便再带走这些单词。 词根 therm 来自希腊语 therme，核心意思是"热、温度"——冷热那个热。古人讲保暖、量体温、恒温、地热，都用它开头。记住"热"，前缀决定"这热是高、是低、从哪来、稳不稳"，单词的意思就全出来了。 | 单词 | 词性 | 拆解 | 字面 | 引申义 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | thermal | adj./n. | therm热 + al | 热的 | 热的；保暖的 | | thermometer
词根专篇 102 · therm：一个词根搞定 thermal/thermometer/hypothermia 一串单词为什么 telephone 是电话，television 却是电视？别急，一个词根 tele 帮你搞定，顺便再带走这些单词。 词根 tele 来自希腊语 tele，核心意思是"远、远距离"——隔着老远的距离。古人讲远方传来的声音、远方传来的画面，都用它开头。记住"远"，后面接的部分决定"隔着远传来的是什么"，单词的意思就全出来了。 | 单词 | 词性 | 拆解 | 字面 | 引申义 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | telephone | n./v. | tele远 + phon声音 | 远处传来的声音 | 电话 | | televisio
词根专篇 101 · tele：一个词根搞定 telephone/television/telescope 一串单词为什么 technology 是技术，technician 却是技术员？别急，一个词根 techn 帮你搞定，顺便再带走这些单词。 词根 techn 来自希腊语 techne，核心意思是"技艺、工艺、手艺"——把一件事做精做巧的本事。古人讲手工技艺、匠人本领，都用它开头。记住"技艺"，后面接的部分决定"这技艺是学问、是人，还是对它的态度"，单词的意思就全出来了。 | 单词 | 词性 | 拆解 | 字面 | 引申义 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | technology | n. | techn技艺 + ology学科 | 技艺的系统学问 |
词根专篇 100 · techn：一个词根搞定 technology/technique/technician 一串单词为什么 astronaut 是宇航员，disaster 却是灾难？别急，一个词根 astro / aster 帮你搞定，顺便再带走这些单词。 词根 astro / aster 来自希腊语 astron / astēr，核心意思是"星、星辰"——天上那颗颗发光的点。古人观星辨向、占星问卜、想象星际航行，都绕不开它。记住"星"，后面的部分决定"跟星发生什么关系"，单词的意思就全出来了。 | 单词 | 词性 | 拆解 | 字面 | 引申义 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | astronaut | n. | astro星际 + naut水手 | 星
词根专篇 111 · astro/aster：一个词根搞定 astronaut/astronomy/asterisk 一串单词为什么 sophisticated 是老练的，sophistry 却是诡辩？别急，一个词根 soph 帮你搞定，顺便再带走这些单词。 词根 soph 来自希腊语 sophos，核心意思是"智慧、聪明"——有见识、懂得多。古希腊的智者就叫 sophistes。记住"智慧"，后面接的部分决定"这智慧是真有、半有，还是装出来的"，单词的意思就全出来了。 | 单词 | 词性 | 拆解 | 字面 | 引申义 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | sophisticated | adj. | soph智慧 + ist + icated | 饱有智慧与经验的
词根专篇 99 · soph：一个词根搞定 sophisticate/sophomore/sophistry 一串单词为什么 microscope 是显微镜，microwave 却是微波？别急，一个词根 micro 帮你搞定，顺便再带走这些单词。 词根 micro 来自希腊语 mikros，核心意思是"小、微小"——肉眼几乎看不见的尺度。微生物、小声音、微观经济，都在这个"小"世界里。记住"小"，后面接什么，就是关于小的什么东西。 | 单词 | 词性 | 拆解 | 字面 | 引申义 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | microscope | n. | micro + scope看 | 看小东西的仪器 | 显微镜 | | microbe | n. | mic
词根专篇 91 · micro：一个词根搞定 microscope/microbe/microwave 一串单词为什么 thermometer 是温度计，symmetry 却是对称？别急，一个词根 meter/metr 帮你搞定，顺便再带走这些单词。 词根 meter/metr 来自希腊语 metron，核心意思是"测量、度量"——用尺、用秤、用仪器去量。古人量体温、量土地、量圆的直径，都离不开"量"。记住"测量"，前面接什么，就是量什么；前后缀决定"量哪里、怎么量"，单词的意思就全出来了。 | 单词 | 词性 | 拆解 | 字面 | 引申义 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | thermometer | n. | thermo热 + meter |
词根专篇 90 · meter/metr：一个词根搞定 thermometer/geometry/symmetry 一串单词